verbB1
Perfektum partisipp
[Past Participle (Perfektum partisipp)]The past participle forms compound verb tenses (har spist, hadde vasket, skal ha fullført, skulle ha hjulpet) and functions adjectivally. Learn how it inflects before nouns (to brukte jakker), the contrast between attributive and predicative use (jakkene er brukt), and irregular plural forms in -ne (to skrevne bøker, to frosne fingre).
1. Past Participle in Compound Verb Tenses
The past participle pairs with auxiliary verbs (har, hadde, skal ha, skulle ha) to express completed actions across past, present, and future timeframes:
Verb Tense
Presens perfektum
Structure
har + partisipp
Example (with translation)
Jeg har nettopp spist middag.(I have just eaten dinner.)
Verb Tense
Preteritum perfektum
Structure
hadde + partisipp
Example (with translation)
Jeg hadde vasket leiligheten før jeg gikk på kino.(I had cleaned the apartment before I went to the cinema.)
Verb Tense
Presens futurum perfektum
Structure
skal + ha + partisipp
Example (with translation)
Jeg skal ha vasket leiligheten når du kommer hjem fra jobben i kveld.(I will have cleaned the apartment by the time you return from work tonight.)
Verb Tense
Preteritum futurum perfektum
Structure
skulle + ha + partisipp
Example (with translation)
Jeg skulle ha vasket leiligheten i går, men jeg fikk ikke tid.(I should have cleaned the apartment yesterday, but I ran out of time.)
| Verb Tense | Structure | Example (with translation) |
|---|---|---|
Presens perfektum | har + partisipp | Jeg har nettopp spist middag.I have just eaten dinner. |
Preteritum perfektum | hadde + partisipp | Jeg hadde vasket leiligheten før jeg gikk på kino.I had cleaned the apartment before I went to the cinema. |
Presens futurum perfektum | skal + ha + partisipp | Jeg skal ha vasket leiligheten når du kommer hjem fra jobben i kveld.I will have cleaned the apartment by the time you return from work tonight. |
Preteritum futurum perfektum | skulle + ha + partisipp | Jeg skulle ha vasket leiligheten i går, men jeg fikk ikke tid.I should have cleaned the apartment yesterday, but I ran out of time. |
2. Past Participle Used Adjectivally (Attributive vs. Predicative)
When the past participle describes a noun, its inflection depends strictly on its syntactic position:
A. Attributive (before noun) ➔ Inflects like an adjective with -e:
en brukt jakke ➔ to brukte jakker ➔ den brukte jakken ➔ de brukte jakkenea used jacket ➔ two used jackets ➔ the used jacket ➔ the used jackets
en stekt fisk ➔ to stekte fisker ➔ den stekte fisken ➔ de stekte fiskenea fried fish ➔ two fried fishes ➔ the fried fish ➔ the fried fishes
B. Predicative (after 'være' / 'bli') ➔ Normally DOES NOT take plural -e:
Jakken er brukt. ➔ Jakkene er brukt. (IKKE 'jakkene er brukte')The jacket is used. ➔ The jackets are used. (Remains 'brukt')
Boka er godt skrevet. ➔ Bøkene er godt skrevet.The book is well written. ➔ The books are well written.
3. Plural Inflections of the Past Participle: -e, -ete/-ede, and Strong -ne
When the past participle appears attributively in plural or definite constructions, three ending patterns occur:
Participle Type
Vanlige svake verb(Regular weak verbs)
Singular
en brukt jakke / en stekt fisk(a used jacket / a fried fish)
Plural / Definite
-e (brukte / stekte)(-e (brukte / stekte))
Examples
to brukte jakker / de stekte fiskene(two used jackets / the fried fishes)
Participle Type
Verb på -et i perfektum(Verbs ending in -et in perfect)
Singular
en vasket bil / et malet hus(a washed car / a painted house)
Plural / Definite
-ete / -ede (valgfrie former)(-ete / -ede (optional forms))
Examples
to vaskete biler / de malede husene(two washed cars / the painted houses)
Participle Type
Uregelrette verb på -et/-en(Irregular strong verbs in -et/-en)
Singular
ei skrevet bok / en frosset finger / et brukket bein(a written book / a frozen finger / a broken bone)
Plural / Definite
-ne (sammentrekning av stammen)(-ne (with stem contraction))
Examples
to skrevne bøker / to frosne fingre / to brukne bein(two written books / two frozen fingers / two broken bones)
| Participle Type | Singular | Plural / Definite | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
Vanlige svake verbRegular weak verbs | en brukt jakke / en stekt fiska used jacket / a fried fish | -e (brukte / stekte) | to brukte jakker / de stekte fiskenetwo used jackets / the fried fishes |
Verb på -et i perfektumVerbs ending in -et in perfect | en vasket bil / et malet husa washed car / a painted house | -ete / -ede (valgfrie former)-ete / -ede (optional forms) | to vaskete biler / de malede husenetwo washed cars / the painted houses |
Uregelrette verb på -et/-enIrregular strong verbs in -et/-en | ei skrevet bok / en frosset finger / et brukket beina written book / a frozen finger / a broken bone | -ne (sammentrekning av stammen)-ne (with stem contraction) | to skrevne bøker / to frosne fingre / to brukne beintwo written books / two frozen fingers / two broken bones |
Spelling rule with -ne: Double consonants simplify before the suffix: frosset ➔ frosne (NOT 'frossne'), brukket ➔ brukne (NOT 'brukkne').