Indirekte tale og spørsmål
[Indirect Speech and Indirect Questions]When reporting statements or questions, the sentence converts into a subordinate clause. We use 'at' for statements, 'om' for yes/no questions, and question words for wh-questions. Verb tenses, personal pronouns, and possessives adjust accordingly, and 'som' is mandatory when the question word acts as subject.
1. Direct to Indirect Speech Transformations
When shifting from direct to indirect speech, the clause transforms into a subordinate clause. The subjunction is determined by sentence type, and reporting phrases can vary ('sier at', 'forteller at', 'spør om', 'lurer på om', 'vil vite om'):
| Sentence Type | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Connector |
|---|---|---|---|
Fortellende setning (påstand)Statement / Declarative | Maria: «Ed ligger på sykehuset.»Maria: 'Ed is in the hospital.' | Maria sier AT Ed ligger på sykehuset.Maria says THAT Ed is in the hospital. | atthat |
Ja/Nei-spørsmål (uten spørreord)Yes/No Question | Maria: «Kan du komme, Samaneh?»Maria: 'Can you come, Samaneh?' | Maria spør OM Samaneh kan komme.Maria asks IF Samaneh can come. | omif / whether |
Spørsmål med spørreordWh-Question | Ed: «Hvorfor ler du?»Ed: 'Why are you laughing?' | Ed vil vite HVORFOR jeg ler.Ed wants to know WHY I am laughing. | spørreordet (blir subjunksjon)the question word (becomes a subordinator) |
2. Mandatory 'SOM' When the Question Word is Subject
When the question word (especially 'hva' or 'hvem') functions as the subject of the clause, the subclause STRICTLY requires the word SOM immediately after it:
| Direct Question | Correct Indirect Speech | Incorrect Form (FEIL) | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
Maria: «Hva skjer?»Maria: 'What is happening?' | Maria lurer på hva SOM skjer. ✅Maria wonders what is happening. ✅ | Maria lurer på hva skjer. 🛑 | 'Hva' er subjekt. 'Som' er obligatorisk.'Hva' is subject; 'som' is mandatory. |
Ed: «Hvem kommer?»Ed: 'Who is coming?' | Ed spør hvem SOM kommer. ✅Ed asks who is coming. ✅ | Ed spør hvem kommer. 🛑 | 'Hvem' er subjekt. 'Som' må inn.'Hvem' is subject; 'som' must be added. |
Læreren: «Hvem snakker du med?»Teacher: 'Who are you talking to?' | Han spør hvem du snakker med. ✅He asks who you are talking to. ✅ | Han spør hvem som du snakker med. 🛑 | Subjektet er 'du'. 'Som' skal IKKE brukes her!The subject is 'du'; 'som' must NOT be used here! |
3. Pronoun & Possessive Shifts (sin vs. hans/hennes/deres)
Pronouns and possessives must shift to reflect the reporting perspective. Pay close attention to 'sin/si/sitt/sine' versus 'hans/hennes/deres':
Personal pronouns adapt to the speaker
Possessives and the 'sin' rule in subordinate clauses
When the subject of the subclause owns the item, we use 'sin/si/sitt/sine'. But remember: 'sin' can NEVER be the subject!
4. Tense Backshift Rules
When introduced by a past tense reporting verb ('sa', 'spurte'), the subordinate clause tenses shift one step back in time:
| Direct Tense | Indirect Tense | Direct Example | Indirect Example |
|---|---|---|---|
Presens (snakker)Present (snakker) | Preteritum (snakket)Past (snakket) | «Jeg lærer norsk.»'I am learning Norwegian.' | Han sa at han lærte norsk.He said that he was learning Norwegian. |
Preteritum / PerfektumPast / Present Perfect | Preteritum perfektum (hadde snakket)Past Perfect (hadde snakket) | «Jeg har spist frokost.»'I have eaten breakfast.' | Hun sa at hun hadde spist frokost.She said that she had eaten breakfast. |
Skal / Vil (framtid)Skal / Vil (future) | Skulle / Ville | «Jeg skal reise til Bergen.»'I will travel to Bergen.' | Olav sa at han skulle reise til Bergen.Olav said that he would travel to Bergen. |
5. Word Order Chart for Indirect Speech (S-S-V)
Indirect speech is always a subordinate clause. Therefore, the strict S-S-V rule applies: Subjunction + Subject + Sentence Adverb ('ikke', 'alltid') + Verb:
| Main Clause | Subjunction | Subject | Sentence Adverb | Verb | Rest of clause |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hun saShe said | atthat | hunshe | ikkenot | kommeris coming | i kveld.tonight. |
Han spurteHe asked | omif / whether | jegI | alltidalways | soversleep | så lenge.so long. |
Han lurte påHe wondered | hvawhat | jegmy name | egentligactually | heter.is. | — |
6. Three Common Mistakes in Indirect Speech
When transitioning from direct to indirect speech, three persistent errors often occur:
| Pitfall | Incorrect (FEIL) | Correct (RIKTIG) | Grammar Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
1. Bruk av 'hvis' istedenfor 'om'1. Using 'hvis' instead of 'om' | Hun spurte HVIS jeg hadde barn. 🛑She asked IF (hvis) I had children. 🛑 | Hun spurte OM jeg hadde barn. ✅She asked WHETHER (om) I had children. ✅ | 'Hvis' betyr betingelse ('dersom'). I indirekte ja/nei-spørsmål bruker vi ALLTID 'om'.'Hvis' denotes condition ('if'). In indirect yes/no questions, ALWAYS use 'om' ('whether'). |
2. Plassering av 'ikke' etter verbet2. Placing 'ikke' after the verb | Han sier at han LIKER IKKE pizza. 🛑He says that he likes NOT pizza. 🛑 | Han sier at han IKKE LIKER pizza. ✅He says that he does NOT like pizza. ✅ | Indirekte tale er en leddsetning (S-S-V). Setningsadverbialet 'ikke' må stå FORAN verbet!Indirect speech is a subclause (S-S-V). Sentence adverbs MUST stand BEFORE the verb! |
3. Spørrende inversjon i leddsetningen3. Inversion in subclauses | Han spør om KOMMER VI på fest. 🛑 / De lurer på hvem ER læreren deres. 🛑He asks if COME WE to the party... 🛑 / They wonder who IS their teacher... 🛑 | Han spør om VI KOMMER på fest. ✅ / De lurer på hvem LÆREREN DERES ER. ✅He asks if WE ARE COMING to the party. ✅ / They wonder who THEIR TEACHER IS. ✅ | I indirekte tale har vi en leddsetning, ikke et spørsmål. Inversjon (verb før subjekt) er strengt forbudt!Indirect speech is a subclause, not a question. Inversion is strictly prohibited! |