substantivA2
Uregelmessige substantiv
[Irregular Nouns]Certain Norwegian nouns are irregular, featuring vowel changes (umlaut) in plural, special suffix patterns, or stem changes (e.g., en bok → bøker, et tre → trær).
1. Nouns with Vowel Change (Umlaut)
These nouns modify their stem vowel in the plural forms. They are high-frequency everyday words:
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en bok(a book)
Definite Sing.
boka / boken
Indefinite Plur.
bøker (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
bøkene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en mann(a man)
Definite Sing.
mannen
Indefinite Plur.
menn (a → e)
Definite Plur.
mennene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei tann(a tooth)
Definite Sing.
tanna / tannen
Indefinite Plur.
tenner (a → e)
Definite Plur.
tennene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei hånd(a hand)
Definite Sing.
hånda / hånden
Indefinite Plur.
hender (å → e)
Definite Plur.
hendene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en natt(a night)
Definite Sing.
natta / natten
Indefinite Plur.
netter (a → e)
Definite Plur.
nettene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en fot(a foot)
Definite Sing.
foten
Indefinite Plur.
føtter (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
føttene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei strand(a beach)
Definite Sing.
stranda / stranden
Indefinite Plur.
strender (a → e)
Definite Plur.
strendene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en bonde(a farmer)
Definite Sing.
bonden
Indefinite Plur.
bønder (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
bøndene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei stang(a pole / rod)
Definite Sing.
stanga / stangen
Indefinite Plur.
stenger (a → e)
Definite Plur.
stengene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei and(a duck)
Definite Sing.
anda / anden
Indefinite Plur.
ender (a → e)
Definite Plur.
endene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei rot(a root)
Definite Sing.
rota / roten
Indefinite Plur.
røtter (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
røttene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei bot(a fine / penalty)
Definite Sing.
bota / boten
Indefinite Plur.
bøter (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
bøtene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei tang(pliers / tongs)
Definite Sing.
tanga / tangen
Indefinite Plur.
tenger (a → e)
Definite Plur.
tengene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en nordmann(a Norwegian)
Definite Sing.
nordmannen
Indefinite Plur.
nordmenn (a → e)
Definite Plur.
nordmennene
| Indefinite Sing. (with translation) | Definite Sing. | Indefinite Plur. | Definite Plur. |
|---|---|---|---|
en boka book | boka / boken | bøker (o → ø) | bøkene |
en manna man | mannen | menn (a → e) | mennene |
ei tanna tooth | tanna / tannen | tenner (a → e) | tennene |
ei hånda hand | hånda / hånden | hender (å → e) | hendene |
en natta night | natta / natten | netter (a → e) | nettene |
en fota foot | foten | føtter (o → ø) | føttene |
ei stranda beach | stranda / stranden | strender (a → e) | strendene |
en bondea farmer | bonden | bønder (o → ø) | bøndene |
ei stanga pole / rod | stanga / stangen | stenger (a → e) | stengene |
ei anda duck | anda / anden | ender (a → e) | endene |
ei rota root | rota / roten | røtter (o → ø) | røttene |
ei bota fine / penalty | bota / boten | bøter (o → ø) | bøtene |
ei tangpliers / tongs | tanga / tangen | tenger (a → e) | tengene |
en nordmanna Norwegian | nordmannen | nordmenn (a → e) | nordmennene |
2. Family Relationship Nouns
Family nouns follow irregular patterns involving vowel changes and contraction:
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en far(a father)
Definite Sing.
faren
Indefinite Plur.
fedre (a → e)
Definite Plur.
fedrene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei mor(a mother)
Definite Sing.
mora / moren
Indefinite Plur.
mødre (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
mødrene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en bror(a brother)
Definite Sing.
broren
Indefinite Plur.
brødre (o → ø)
Definite Plur.
brødrene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei søster(a sister)
Definite Sing.
søstera / søsteren
Indefinite Plur.
søstre
Definite Plur.
søstrene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei datter(a daughter)
Definite Sing.
dattera / datteren
Indefinite Plur.
døtre (a → ø)
Definite Plur.
døtrene
| Indefinite Sing. (with translation) | Definite Sing. | Indefinite Plur. | Definite Plur. |
|---|---|---|---|
en fara father | faren | fedre (a → e) | fedrene |
ei mora mother | mora / moren | mødre (o → ø) | mødrene |
en brora brother | broren | brødre (o → ø) | brødrene |
ei søstera sister | søstera / søsteren | søstre | søstrene |
ei dattera daughter | dattera / datteren | døtre (a → ø) | døtrene |
3. Nouns in –er and Special Neuter Nouns
A. Agent nouns ending in –er take –e in indefinite plural and –ne in definite plural:
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en lærer(a teacher)
Definite Sing.
læreren
Indefinite Plur.
lærere (IKKE lærere-er)
Definite Plur.
lærerne
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en baker(a baker)
Definite Sing.
bakeren
Indefinite Plur.
bakere
Definite Plur.
bakerne
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en politiker(a politician)
Definite Sing.
politikeren
Indefinite Plur.
politikere
Definite Plur.
politikerne
| Indefinite Sing. (with translation) | Definite Sing. | Indefinite Plur. | Definite Plur. |
|---|---|---|---|
en lærera teacher | læreren | lærere (IKKE lærere-er) | lærerne |
en bakera baker | bakeren | bakere | bakerne |
en politikera politician | politikeren | politikere | politikerne |
B. Short vowel-ending neuter nouns and loanwords:
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
et tre(a tree)
Definite Sing.
treet
Indefinite Plur.
trær
Definite Plur.
trærne
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
et kne(a knee)
Definite Sing.
kneet
Indefinite Plur.
knær
Definite Plur.
knærne
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
et øye(an eye)
Definite Sing.
øyet
Indefinite Plur.
øyne
Definite Plur.
øynene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
et sentrum(a center)
Definite Sing.
sentrumet / sentret
Indefinite Plur.
sentre / sentrum
Definite Plur.
sentrene / sentrumene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
et museum(a museum)
Definite Sing.
museet
Indefinite Plur.
museer
Definite Plur.
museene
| Indefinite Sing. (with translation) | Definite Sing. | Indefinite Plur. | Definite Plur. |
|---|---|---|---|
et trea tree | treet | trær | trærne |
et knea knee | kneet | knær | knærne |
et øyean eye | øyet | øyne | øynene |
et sentruma center | sentrumet / sentret | sentre / sentrum | sentrene / sentrumene |
et museuma museum | museet | museer | museene |
C. Masculine nouns with zero plural ending:
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en feil(a mistake)
Definite Sing.
feilen
Indefinite Plur.
feil (to feil)
Definite Plur.
feilene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en sko(a shoe)
Definite Sing.
skoen
Indefinite Plur.
sko (to sko)
Definite Plur.
skoene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en ting(a thing)
Definite Sing.
tingen
Indefinite Plur.
ting (flere ting)
Definite Plur.
tingene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en meter / liter(a meter / liter)
Definite Sing.
meteren / literen
Indefinite Plur.
meter / liter (to meter)
Definite Plur.
meterne / literne
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en kjeks(a biscuit / cracker)
Definite Sing.
kjeksen
Indefinite Plur.
kjeks (flere kjeks)
Definite Plur.
kjeksene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
en euro(a euro)
Definite Sing.
euroen
Indefinite Plur.
euro (ti euro)
Definite Plur.
euroene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei / en ski(a ski)
Definite Sing.
skia / skien
Indefinite Plur.
ski (et par ski)
Definite Plur.
skiene
Indefinite Sing. (with translation)
ei / en mus(a mouse)
Definite Sing.
musa / musen
Indefinite Plur.
mus (to mus)
Definite Plur.
musene
| Indefinite Sing. (with translation) | Definite Sing. | Indefinite Plur. | Definite Plur. |
|---|---|---|---|
en feila mistake | feilen | feil (to feil) | feilene |
en skoa shoe | skoen | sko (to sko) | skoene |
en tinga thing | tingen | ting (flere ting) | tingene |
en meter / litera meter / liter | meteren / literen | meter / liter (to meter) | meterne / literne |
en kjeksa biscuit / cracker | kjeksen | kjeks (flere kjeks) | kjeksene |
en euroa euro | euroen | euro (ti euro) | euroene |
ei / en skia ski | skia / skien | ski (et par ski) | skiene |
ei / en musa mouse | musa / musen | mus (to mus) | musene |